Seems Like I Done Had To Fight









Escalating Tension: The Early Years

1930's



ARMY DRAFT AND RECRUITINGS
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: NOVEMBER 9, 1934

Families and friends of Negroes watch loved ones leave for Camp Castro.



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STATE WITNESS OFF TO JAIL AFTER HINES TRIAL BOMBSHELL
NEW YORK, NEW YORK: AUGUST 18, 1938

 

Julius Williams, Negro witness for the state, who was locked up in the tombs, August 18th,
when Judge Ferdinand Pecora ordered his nominal bail of $500 as a material witness revoked
and boosted to $10,000 after Williams, testifying for the state, created a furor by declaring
that he had been threatened with jail unless he he falsely accused James J. Hines, Tammany
District Leader, of being connected with the numbers racket.

Acme News Pictures, Inc. (Chicago Bureau - Tribune Tower, Chicago, Illinois).



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1940's



SLUG (NEGRO-COPS)
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: JUNE 20, 1943

Police have cornered one of the Negro suspects rounded up in
the series of fights that developed between Negro's and Whites



The DETROIT RIOT OF 1943





International News Photo (Unit of King Features Synd. Inc.)



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VICTIM OF STREET RIOTING
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: JUNE 21, 1943



Two youths help a Negro to his feet after he was badly beaten in street fighting which marked
race riot which raged in several parts of the city today. None of the persons is identified.



Associated Press Wirephoto (RT21640FP).

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WOUNDED NEGROES BROUGHT INTO HOSPITAL
HARLEM, NEW YORK: AUGUST 2, 1943



Negroes injured in street battles with police are assisted into Sydenham Hospital by patrolmen
during Harlem disorders early today. Four persons were killed in the disturbances.

Associated Press Wirephoto (HGR20810fitz)

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PROTEST OPA CURTAILMENT
NEW YORK, NEW YORK: APRIL 25, 1946



Members of “consumers’ lobby” of 800 citizens, who packed the City Council’s chamber,
Parade with signs against the House’s curtailment of OPA powers during demonstration
sponsored by the Emergency Committee for Extension of Price and Rent Controls.



Daily News Photo (RRS 22801)

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PACKINGHOUSE WORKERS RALLY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: OCTOBER 30, 1946



Charles Winters, P.A.C. director for the United Auto Workers in this area, addresses a group of
Wilson & Co. employees during a lunch hour rally in Ashland Ave., just off 42nd Street. The rally
was staged to urge workers to attend a meeting at the Chicago Stadium Friday night to hear an
address by Henry A. Wallace.



Daily News Photo (RRS 06443)

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POSTCARD: ASA PHILIP RANDOLPH WITH SIGN
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: MAY 7, 1948



Asa Philip Randolph, dignified and regal carries a sign with his slogan:
"If we must die for our country let us die as free men–not as Jim Crow slaves."



Photographer: Sy Kattelson)



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WINDOWS BROKEN

1950's



JIM CROW 

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and
1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of
the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African-Americans.
The separation in practice led to inferior conditions, systematizing a number of economic,
educational and social disadvantages.

Jim Crow Laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil
rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality.

The sprouting of the Civil Rights Movement

African Americans had been fighting against inequality and injustice for centuries; during the
1950s, however, the struggle against racism and segregation entered the mainstream of
American life. In 1954, in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case, the Supreme Court
declared that “separate educational facilities” for black children were “inherently unequal.”
This ruling placed the first nail in Jim Crow’s coffin.

Many Southern whites resisted the Brown ruling. They withdrew their children from public
schools and enrolled them in all-white “segregation academies,” and they used violence and
intimidation to prevent blacks from asserting their rights.



Despite these efforts, a new movement was born. On March 2, 1955, Claudette Colvin was
arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white
woman on a crowded, segregated bus. In December 1955, Montgomery, Alabama activist Rosa
Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat on a city bus to a white person. Her arrest
sparked a 13-month boycott of the city’s buses by its black citizens, which only ended when the
bus companies stopped discriminating against African American passengers. Acts of “nonviolent
resistance” like the boycott helped shape the civil rights movement of the next decade.

In 1956, more than 100 Southern
congressmen even signed a “Southern Manifesto” declaring that they would do all they could
to defend segregation.

NEGROES SEEK ADMISSION TO ALL WHITE SCHOOL
MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA: SEPTEMBER 2, 1954



A group of 23 Negro children accompanied by their parents and two observers of the
National Association for Advancement of Colored People was denied admission to the
William R. Harrison elementary school, Montgomery's newest school, today. Part of the
delegation are shown with the school principle, Robert Anderson, shortly after he advised
them they lived in another district and would have to attend another school.

The Chicago Sun (RRS 37743 N-312)



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WINDOWS BROKEN
CLEVELAND, OHIO: SEPTEMBER 4, 1956

Mrs. William Taylor, 35, demonstrated for a photographer today the kind of stones she
said were used to break the windows of the Taylors' first floor appartment. She told
police 15 or 20 youths threw stones at the apartment Sunday, following an anti-Negro
threat made Saturday by a youth of about 18 or 19. Three other families, all white, live
in the building, which is in a factory area.

Associated Press Wirephoto (ms31518ns)



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SLUG ARRESTED FOR CARRYING KNIFE
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE: SEPTEMBER 9, 1957

Mrs. Grace McKinly stands with patrolman Ed Searcey after she was mistreated by a group
of white people when she was leading her two children from school at the end of session.
She turned on her white antagonists, pulling a paring knife from under her dress and
challenged them to "come and jump me now." She was later arrested. Quick police action
nipped three disturbances at Nashville, where 20 Negro students ended traditional racial
segregation in city schools.

International News Photos 235 East 45th Street New York 17 N. Y.
(Central Press Association (FR-9-10-57 3525)



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JEREMIAH REEVES JUNIOR



NEGROES MASS MEETING AT ALABAMA CAPITAL
MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA: APRIL 6, 1958

An Estimated 2, 500 Montgomery Negroes turned out today for a "prayer and repentance"
meeting in protest at the recent execution of Jeremiah Reeves Jr. a 22 year old convicted
Negro Rapist. A procession of Negro leaders and ministers who took part in the program is
shown in the foreground marching toward capital.

Associated Press Wirephoto (alb 1 1730 mbr)



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ESCORTED FROM SCHOOL
STURGIS, KENTUCKY: SEPTEMBER 6, 1958

One of seven Negro schoolboys enrolled in high school at Sturgis, Kentucky, receives an
armed escort from Kentucky National Guardsmen at the close of classes yesterday. An
angry crowd of at least 500 persons hooted and hollered threats as the guards led the
Negro students safely through the lines.

Associated Press Wirephoto (zbh 155)



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LITTLE ROCK
LITTLE ROCKS, ARKANSAS: SEPTEMBER 17, 1958

Johnny Gray, 15, points a warning finger at one of two white boys who tried to force him
and his sister Mary from the sidewalk as they walked to school. The argument ended in a
fist fight with Johnny chasing the two white boys down the block.

United Press International
(Exclusive Staff Telephoto: Charles McCarty - ZNH 155), Chicago, Illinois



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THREE NEGROES SENTENCED TO DIE FOR RAPE OF TWO WHITE GIRLS
LAGRANGE, GEORGIA: AUGUST 12, 1959

Three Negroes, George Alfred, 18; Brannon Epps, 24 and Clifford Johnson, 22 (front to rear)
are escorted back to jail here last night after being sentenced to die in the electric chair
October 2, 1959 for the raping of two white girls. The jury deliberated about 4 hours and
40 minutes before reaching a verdict of guilty.


Associated Press Wirephoto (HC 50600HC)

Follow Up Story

NEGROES DEATH TERMS COMMUTED FOR THE FIRST TIME
THE FLORENCE TIMES, FLORENCE ALABAMA FEBRUARY 18, 1962 ATLANTA (AP)

For the first time since its creation nearly 20 years ago, the Georgia Pardon and
Parole Board has commuted death sentences given Negroes convicted of raping
a white woman.

The board Friday commuted to life imprisonment the sentences of Brannon Epps, 26,
and Clifford Johnson, 24, both of LaGrange Ga. It reduced the sentence of 22-year old
George Alford Jr., of Dayton, Ohio, to 20 years. The action was taken after the three
lost final appeals to the Georgia and U.S. Supreme Courts. The board said it reached the
conclusion that “there were less marks against” Alford.

Testimony at a Jan. 8 hearing showed he was impressionable and that he was merely
visiting relatives in LaGrange in July of 1959. The evidence and the record places
“most of the responsibility” on Epps, the board said, but “out of the charity of doubt
and mercy” granted commutation to life. Johnson’s sentence was also commuted to life.
At the time of the crime, the defendants were tried jointly even though “the degree of
guilt … was markedly different.”

The Negroes were twice convicted at LaGrange of raping a 20-year old white housewife
in July 1959. They admitted in court they had sexual relations with the woman but claimed
they paid $5 for her consent. They also were charged with raping the woman’s 18-year old
cousin but have not been retried on this count.



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TROUBLE ON THE WALK TO FREEDOM

1960



NEGRO WOMEN SCUFFLE WITH WHITE MAN
MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA: FEBRUARY 2, 1960

Negro women scuffle with white man in heated dispute over integration of lunch counters.

Racial hate boiled over in this city two days after Negro college students tried to
integrate courthouse snack bar. No one was arrested in the scuffle.

United Press International Inc. (RRU-61667)



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MOVE ALONG!
CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE: FEBRUARY 24, 1960

Billy club armed police intently try to disperse a group of Negroes during today’s
tension-packed racial episode in downtown Chattanooga.

Associated Press Wirephoto (ba4200mbr)



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1963



218 STUDENTS ARRESTED $90,000 BAIL SET FOR 150
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND: FEBRUARY 21, 1963





Associated Press Wirephoto (jen51655staff)



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WARNING
TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA: MAY 30, 1963

Police warn Civil Rights demonstrators to remain quiet.

United Press International Telephoto



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TROUBLE ON THE “WALK TO FREEDOM”
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: JUNE 23, 1963

Two Detroit Policemen subdue an unidentified white man who tried to
singlehandedly stop thousands of Negroes who are marching in protest
under the leadership of Martin Luther King here.

The “Walk to Freedom” was called to protest discrimination and to
commemorate the 1943 race riot in which 35 persons were killed.

United Press International (DUP-062302)



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NEGRO CARRIED AFTER RELEASE
CAMBRIDGE, MARYLAND: JULY 11, 1963

William Jackson is carried back into the Negro section tonight after he was
released by the police after being arrested for carrying a knife in their
protest march into the downtown area. He is being escorted by a group
of handclapping, singing Negroes.

Associated Press Wirephoto (rd52140ntr-wus)



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PICKETS BLOCK TRUCKS
BROOKLYN, NEW YORK: JULY 23, 1963

Antidiscrimination pickets sit on street blocking truck traffic
at a hospital construction site in New York’s Borough of Brooklyn today.

The civil rights demonstration appeared to be a token effort when compared
to picketing which produced mass arrests yesterday. Protest was part of
demonstration against alleged discriminatory hiring practices in construction
trade as well as alleged union bias against Negroes in the building industry.

Associated Press Wirephoto (bes31115AC)



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IRONY
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA: SUMMER OF 1963

Police arrest woman demonstrator. Playing at the segregated movie
theatre behind the woman, is the film “Damn the Defiant”.

For many women, 1963 was a year of liberation. The 1963 best-seller
"The Feminine Mystique" catalyzed the modern women's movement.

United Press International Telephoto



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HOLDING DOWN DEMONSTRATOR
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: AUGUST 14, 1963

Two policemen, one using his foot to hold a man on the ground, subdue a Negro
demonstrator arrested Tuesday at the mobile classrooms which are being erected
on Chicago’s South Side. The policeman at right clutches his cap and has in his
hand a small flashlight used for signaling trucks on project.

The man was among others who were arrested after two days of arrests and
violence. Some demonstrators said they marched for jobs. Others said they
were protesting against alleged racial discrimination in schools.
The demonstration was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).

Associated Press Wirephoto (Edward Kitch 1140)



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POLICE DISPERSE PICKETS
NEW YORK, NEW YORK: AUGUST 22, 1963

New York City policemen struggle with pickets who attempted to chain themselves
to a pillar at City Hall today in protest. When pickets refused to move the policemen
attempted to move them. A shouting crown of some 50 persons attacked police
and injured three patrolmen. The nine demonstrators who were chained together
were arrested after the melee. The civil rights demonstration was organized by the
Joint Community for Equal Employment Opportunity. Uniformed police and
plain clothes men eventually pushed back the unruly crown from the steps of
New York’s City Hall.

Associated Press Wirephoto (hjc51836)



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FUMIGATED RESTAURANT HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA: AUGUST 24, 1963

Negro sit-in demonstrators cover faces with handkerchiefs when restaurant owner releases fumes
from metal container, apparently a fumigating device, to drive them out. Two Negroes were
arrested on trespass warrants obtained by the restaurant owner, Roba Quesenberry.

Associated Press Wirephoto (hj71725LG)



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ON GUARD
MALVERNE, NEW YORK: SEPTEMBER 4, 1963

While his mother, Mrs. Madeline Thompson, argues with a white man outside
predominantly all-white Davison Avenue School in Malverne, N. Y., School District,
Gregory, 8, holds fists ready to counter whatever develops in another quarter.

Also corralled by Mrs. Thompson's arm is a godson, Michael Rawley, 5, who lives
with the Thompsons within the school district in the Lakeview area of the town
of Hempstead. Mrs. Thompson was among Negro Parents trying to enroll their
children in the school. Police arrested five Negro parents and a civil rights official
for staging a sit-in when officials refused to register the Negro students.

Associated Press Wire Photo (df41535JH)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1964



THE SCHOOL DESEGREGATION CRISIS OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, 1963-1964



REVEREND KILLED
CLEVELAND, OHIO: APRIL 7, 1964

The Reverend Bruce W. Klunder just minutes before being crushed by bulldozer,
during CORE School Protest.

Bruce W. Klunder (12 July 1937-7 April 1964) was a martyr in the campaign to
desegregate the Cleveland public schools. In April, 1962, Klunder was a founding
member of the Cleveland area CORE (Congress for Racial Equality). Klunder believed
his calling demanded social activism and was soon a leader in the civil rights
movement. He frequently did picket duty, demonstrating for fair housing, and
against segregated public facilities and discrimination in hiring.

His death was ruled an accident.

United Courtesy Cleveland Press Collection, Cleveland State University



***************************************************************************************************************************

HUSTLED FROM SCENE
CLEVELAND, OHIO: APRIL 8, 1964

This young female civil rights demonstrator is hustled from the scene where a white
minister, Bruce Klunder, died protesting the building of a new school.
After Klunder’s death fighting broke out.

United Press International Telephoto (SMP04801)



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END OF THE LINE
CAMBRIDGE, MARYLAND: MAY 12, 1964

Demonstrators stand facing fixed bayonets held by Maryland National Guardsmen after
marching about a mile and a half through the streets of Cambridge, MD.

Associated Press Wirephoto (WmW32150staff)



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CHOKED AT BEACH RIOT
SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA: JUNE 25, 1964

A white segregationist chokes a Negro youth during riot in surf at St. Augustine Beach,
Florida today as group of Negroes waded in at the previously all-white beach.
A number of white and Negroes were arrested and several were injured.

The demonstrators, about 150 strong, were met by the Guard and stopped before
they entered the downtown area.

Associated Press International Wirephoto (HC51635stf)



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NEGROES ATTACKED AT RALLY
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: JULY 4, 1964

Two white men armed with metal folding chairs advance towards two Negroes who
showed up at a State’s “Patriot's Rally Against Tyranny” in Atlanta today to protest the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed into law two days earlier by President Lyndon B. Johnson.



The rally, attended by about 10,000 whites at Lakewood Park, featured speeches
by Gov. George Wallace of Alabama and former Gov. Ross Barnett of Mississippi.
The two Negro men and one white woman (later identified as members of the
Students of Non-violence Coordinating Committee) were discovered to be in their
midst. The crowd went wild calling out “Kill’em! Hit’em! and “We Want Wallace,”
while others began beating them with feet, fists, and folding chairs. As the civil rights
workers were taken away, Governor Wallace took to the podium and delivered a
rousing speech.

Associated Press Wirephoto (JL71515str)



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THE HARLEM RIOT OF 1964



INCIDENT AT 133RD AND 7TH AVENUE
HARLEM, NEW YORK: JULY 20, 1964

Police attempt to arrest demonstrator at 133rd Street and Seventh Avenue
during riot.

Associated Press International Wirephoto (b12315tu)



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POLICE SHOVES NEGRO YOUTH
HARLEM, NEW YORK: JULY 21, 1964



A helmeted policeman shoves a Negro youth who police said was carrying a knife
during the fourth night of rioting in Harlem’s 125th Street.

United Press International Wirephoto (NXP 1433654)



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UNYIELDING
HARLEM, NEW YORK: JULY 22, 1964

A member of NYPD'S Tactical Patrol Force (TPF) administers the dose
to an unyielding rioter

The men from the Tactical Patrol Force sent to the scene are members of
a group of about 200 handpicked men, all over six feet tall, all trained in
judo and all under 30 years of age.

At the behest of Mayor Wagner, Martin Luther King made his way onto
the streets of Harlem and was heckled by the rioters almost as bad as
the police were. It was a baptism of fire for King who now greatly suspected
he was not reaching the masses of the northern ghettos and the
disheartening proof was now resonating in his ears.

Associated Press International Wirephoto (b12315tu)



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THE ROCHESTER RIOT OF 1964



POLICE CHARGE TAUNTERS
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK: JULY 26, 1964

A stream of water from fire hoses first tore into woman on porch in Negro section
of Rochester today as authorities attempted to apprehend a group of Negroes.
The water had no effect on the woman as police were trying to charge the porch
to subdue agitators.

Woman stands alone as her companions seek shelter behind porch wall.
Police officers swinging night sticks, strike the woman as they run up onto
the porch. Officers took the group into custody as tensions in the city
increased following the crash of a helicopter a few hours earlier.

Associated Press International Wirephoto (b11950DM)



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SEIZED
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK: JULY 26, 1964

A police officer winces as he swings night stick into the side of Negro
apprehended tonight in Rochester during rioting in the city.

Associated Press International Wirephoto (b12315tu)



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TWO POLICEMAN, ONE (LEFT) CARRYING CARBINE, DRAG
A FEMALE DEMONSTRATOR TOWARD SQUADROL
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: AUGUST 17, 1964

News Story by Edward S. Gilbreth

A bottle of booze… and hate rumors.

These were two of the ingredients which produced the first racial strife of
the summer in the Chicago area.

It began when the white owner of a liquor store accused a Negro woman of
trying to steal a fifth of gin. She claimed she had been slapped around.
The rumor-mongers embroidered the story and the troublemakers
turned it into a full-scale riot.

It took more than 24 hours for the festering of hate to erupt.

It all started at the Foremost Liquor store at 2240 W. 147th Street in Dixmoor.
It was 4:22 p.m. Saturday. Dixmoor police received a call - A disturbance at
the Foremost Liquor store. A Squad car is dispatched.
Michael (Big Mikey) Lapota, owner of the store, claimed that a Negro customer,
Blondella Woods, 22, of 3547 W. Jackson, concealed a fifth of gin…

(Daily News - Property of Newspaper Division Field Enterprises Inc.)



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THE PHILADELPHIA RACE RIOT OF 1964



NEGRO GROUNDED IN PHILADELPHIA RIOT
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: AUGUST 30, 1964



A Negro falls to the ground after being clubbed for refusing to move along early
today during rioting in North Philadelphia.

At right are club-carrying police and foreman.

Associated Press Wirephoto (pr114 00str)



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MOMENTS BEFORE DEATH

1965



BLOODY SUNDAY



SELMA, ALABAMA
MARCH 7, 1965



A Negro youth, his eyes closed against tear gas, holds an unconscious
Negro woman after club-swinging Alabama state troopers broke up march
by Negroes from Selma to Montgomery.

United Press International for the Daily News



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HAULED AWAY
WASHINGTON, DC: MARCH 12, 1965

Civil rights demonstrators protesting racial violence in Selma, Alabama
threw their bodies across Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House
(background) today to block rush hour traffic. About two dozen, including
this one shown here, were hauled away by police after a rough tussle.

United Press International Telephoto (WAP031212)



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CARRIED AWAY
WASHINGTON, DC: MARCH 12, 1965

Police carry away civil rights demonstrator today from Pennsylvania
Avenue in front of the White House during rush hour traffic.



United Press International Telephoto (rw61830ct)



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PRAY FOR THE SLAIN MINISTER
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS: MARCH 12, 1965

Mrs. Evelyn King and Mrs. William Pope, both Catholics, pray on sidewalk
in front of home of Unitarian minister James J. Reeb who died after a
beating by white men in Salem, Alabama. A pet dog of the four Reeb
children watches in center.

James Reeb (January 1, 1927 – March 11, 1965) was a white American
Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston, Massachusetts, and a
pastor and civil rights activist in Washington, D.C.

While marching for civil rights in Selma, Alabama, in 1965, he was
beaten severely by white segregationists and died of head injuries
two days later in the hospital. He was 38 years old.

Associated Press Wirephoto (dcg61300trav)



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DOWN THE CAPITAL STEPS
WASHINGTON, DC: MARCH 15, 1965

Police drags civil rights demonstrator who continued singing as he was
dragged down the steps on the house side of the Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Police carried and dragged 11 of the demonstrators who staged a sit-in
near the office of the speaker.

United Press International Telephoto (Bob Schutz WAP031509)



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A HELPING HAND
CAMDEN, ALABAMA: MARCH 31, 1965

A Civil rights demonstrator gives a helping hand to a fellow marcher
after police tossed smoke bombs into the group.

The incident occurred when the group was determined to attempted
to march to the courthouse this week. Refusing to leave the city when
ordered to do so, the group was personally stopped by Mayor Reg Allbritton.
The Mayor said he was responsible for the security and welfare of the town
of 2,500 – which has only three full time policemen and did not want to use force.

The mayor said he was willing to meet with any of the negroes to discuss
their problems. But, said “they shouldn’t just come down here for the hell of it.”

United Press International (SLP033103)



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THE WATTS RIOTS OR WATTS REBELLION)



NEGRO INJURED IN BATTLE WITH POLICE
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA: AUGUST 13, 1965

Blood streams from a wound in a Negro’s head he turns from police with whom he
had fought during rioting last night in the Watts area in southeast Los Angeles.
Police today asked the state to call out the National Guard to help restore order.

Associated Press Wirephoto (rhs61330cor)



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MOMENTS BEFORE DEATH
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA: AUGUST 13, 1965

A Negro was shot in the head by a National Guardsman in Los Angeles early
today lies on the street as another Guardsman breaks out a first aid kit to
give him medical assistance.

The Negro was a passenger in an automobile which Guardsmen fired upon when
it was driven through a roadblock. He was taken to a hospital which reported
back later the man was dead on arrival. The driver of the car was also killed.



Associated Press Wirephoto (rhs71105KNXT-cor)



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SUSPECTED OF LOOTING
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA: AUGUST 15, 1965

Police check two Negroes suspected of looting a market early 8/15 as looting
and burning continues in Southeast Los Angeles for the fifth day. Except for
some scattered gunfire, rioting in this area is now under control in the Negro
uprising which caused at least 27 deaths.

United Press International Telephoto (HCP081511)



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DOWN GOES THE DEMONSTRATOR
CRAWFORDVILLE, GEORGIA: OCTOBER 2, 1965

A Negro youth demonstrator involved in a sit-in at a private dining club
is flipped to the ground by a white man (right) after dragging the negro from
in front of the entrance of the club at Crawfordville, Georgia today. The sign
in background says "A Dixie Welcome To Crawfordville."

Assoicated Press Wirephoto (HC71520stf-hwc)



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FLYING TACKLE
CRAWFORDVILLE, GEORGIA: OCTOBER 8, 1965

A Georgia State Trooper bowls over Negro girl (right) and puts a flying tackle
on Negro youth as they make a dash through police lines in another attempt
to board school buses with white pupils in Crawfordville, Georgia today.

Associated Press Wirephoto (HC60905stf-DM)



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1966



CLARA EVERHARDT
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: FEBRUARY 10, 1966

Mrs. Clara Everhardt, bundled against sub-freezing cold, uses an ax to chop down
and old wooden fence to use as firewood in her ancient home, “I’m Gonna stay
warm one way or the other,” said the Negro woman, a resident of “Lightning,”
a slum area near downtown Atlanta, Georgia.

“Lightning” was a neighborhood just west of Downtown Atlanta, Georgia,
north of the former extension of Magnolia Street, south of Simpson Street
(now Joseph E. Boone Blvd.) and east of Northside Drive. It was razed to make
way mostly for the expansion of the Georgia World Congress Center as well
as the north end of the Georgia Dome.

United Press International Telephoto (150529)



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CHICAGO POVERTY STORY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: FEBRUARY 20, 1966

Mrs. Leola Burnett holding her baby, speaks to Mrs. Mary Lou McCullough
on the run-down conditions in her apartment at 1615 W. 14th Place.

At work in the front lines of Chicago’s war on poverty are more than 400 workers,
canvassing their own neighborhoods to determine what is needed, by whom.
Mrs. Mary Lou McCullough, one of the community representatives working out
of the Halsted Urban Process Center, interviews a resident of a dilapidated
building on W. 14th Street.

Chicago Sun Times (Story by Larry Nocerino)



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NEGRO KILLED IN NEW WATTS RIOT
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA: MARCH 15, 1966

The body of a Negro identified by his companions as Joe Crawford, 26,
lies on a sidewalk in Watts where he died of a bullet wound through the
head during a riot which broke out in the south Los Angeles area today.

Witnesses said Crawford was an innocent bystander who was caught in
an exchange of gunfire between police and the rioters.

Associated Press Wirephoto (rhs32025cor)



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GEORGIA FLAG HELD ALOFT
CORDELE, GEORGIA: MARCH 31, 1966

A Negro demonstrator holds the Georgia state flag after it was torn from a
flagpole in front of the Crisp County Courthouse by civil rights demonstrators
in Cordele today.

Associated Press Wirephoto (lg51700stf-LG)



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WAVING FLAGS
TOUGALOO, MISSISSIPPI: JUNE 26, 1966

Freedom marchers waving flags and wearing hats of red, white & blue,
set out on the final leg of their trek to the state capital at Jackson.

United Press International Telephoto (JKP062601)



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SEARCHING FOR GUNS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: AUGUST 23, 1966

Civil rights demonstrators who picketed the home of Mayor Richard J. Daley

The search was prompted by anonymous telephone callers telling police
the marchers would be armed. Frank ditto (right foreground), executive director
of the Oakland Committee for Community Improvement, who led the march,
said his group was demonstrating against an injunction issued Friday limiting
marchers within Chicago to one a day with no more than 500 participants.
Captain Howard Pierson told Ditto he was violating the injunction but
permitted the demonstration.

Chicago Daily News SSA 28021 (Photo by Charles Krejcsi)



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SUMMERHILL RACE RIOT or THE ATLANTA REBELLION



SUMMERHILL RACE RIOT
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: SEPTEMBER 7, 1966

Facing the Crowd

Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. climbed atop a police vehicle with a bullhorn
as an attempt to disperse the crowd, of Negroes which had gathered to
protest the police shooting of a Negro man.

Associated Press Wirephoto (AAR 1819)



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A CLASH AT HARLEM SCHOOL
HARLEM, NEW YORK: SEPTEMBER 21, 1966

Man is hauled away by police from area outside Intermediate School 201 in
New York’s Harlem today. A woman tries to help the man who was one of
four persons taken into custody following a disturbance touched off when a
reinstated white school principal, Stanley R. Lisser, arrived at the new showcase
school. Pickets had appeared outside the school in protest to Lisser’s reinstatement.

Associated Press Wirephoto (lg51700stf-LG)



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1967



SCUFFLE DURING RIGHTS MARCH
MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN: SEPTEMBER 4, 1967

Members of the Youth Council of the National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People struggle with a white youth during a brief scuffle Sunday.

The marchers, seeking fair housing legislation, were walking through a white
neighborhood at the time. A white man and a white youth were taken into
custody by the police.

Associated Press Wirephoto (reo21840strgr)



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DEMONSTRATOR HUSTLED OFF
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: NOVEMBER 17, 1967

Two Negro police officers take a demonstrator in tow at the disturbance at
Philadelphia's Board of Education building in center city today as Negro
students and others were protesting what they termed "the white policy
toward education" in Philadelphia.



Associated Press Wirephoto (wfa 6 1330 str)



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1968



WHAT NOW BABY?
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA: MARCH 1, 1968

A white youth holding a long knife confronts a Negro on the street near
Balboa High School in San Francisco today. The confrontation took place
after students began milling around the schools of the city following a
teachers’ strike.

Associated Press Wirephoto (sjv61400str)



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I AM A MAN
MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE: MARCH 29, 1968



Photographer: Flip Schulke



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THE CHICAGO RIOT OF 1968



HOLD SUSPECT
WEST SIDE, CHICAGO: APRIL 6, 1968

Police hold a woman in the street of riot torn West side.

The Chicago Tribune (Photo by Kennett Lovett)



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POLICE, GUARDS RESTORE ORDER
AKRON, OHIO: JULY 18, 1968

Unrest in Negro neighborhood of Akron’s South Side flared into minor
disturbances for the third straight night Friday, but no major outbreaks
were reported as police and National Guards continued to patrol
trouble areas.

The area of discontent widened from Wooster Avenue on the Southwest Side
where the trouble started Wednesday night to South Arrington Street on the
near Southeast Side where two teen-age Negro boys were wounded slightly
by a shotgun blast. Curfew violators were rounded up and were made to sit
in street until a police truck arrived. Second night of unrest in the Negro
neighborhood forced a 9pm to 6am curfew. 120 persons were arrested.

United Press International Telephoto (AKP071810)



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LIBERTY CITY RIOT OF 1968
MIAMI, FLORIDA: AUGUST 8, 1968

A bloody rioter is escorted away by Miami police officers after he was
injured in a clash with police late August 7th.

Rock-throwing, looting band of Negroes roamed through a large area
of Miami’s Negro distict late 8/7 and early 8/8 while Republicans
nomimated Richard Nixon as their presidential candidate across
Biscayne Bay.

Liberty City marked Miami’s first experience with race riots. Another
would explode in Dade County in 1970. The riot of 1968 received a great
deal of local media attention and prompted President Lyndon Baines Johnson
to commission a study to determine its causes. That report, published in early
1969, concluded that the disturbances in Liberty city had originated out of the
accumulated deprivations, discriminations, and frustrations of the black
community. The report emphasized that the concerns and conditions of
Libery City were similar to those in urban black communities throughout the
United States but had been exacerbated by “special local circumstances” in
Miami. Specially, “the loss of local jobs by blacks over prior several years to
Cuban refugees.”

United Press International Telephoto (MHCP1601958)



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SLAIN BLIND MAN’S DOG RETURNED
ROXBURY, BOSTON: NOVEMBER 13, 1968

Julius Williams, Negro witness for the state, who was locked up in the tombs, August 18th,
Animal Rescue League returns “Russ” a Black Belgian Shepherd guide dog,
belonging to Guido St. Laurant, to his son David outside the headquarters of
New England Grass Roots Orgainzation or N.E.G.R.O., today.

Laurant, blind founder and executive director of NEGRO was one of three
slain in the group’s headquarters. Two other men were wounded. All three
victims and assailants were Negro, police said. Guido St. Laurent was an ex-con
who lost his eyesight in an accident at MCI (Massachusetts Correctional Institution).

After his release, he got into “community organizing” founding the group
N.E.G.R.O. In November 1968 thugs invaded his headquarters on Blue Hill
Avenue and murdered St. Laurent, another ex-con and a third man.
The Campbell brothers, Alvin and Arnold, were charged, but were acquitted
in June 1969 after the chief witness for the prosecution, a pimp, was shot to death.

The Associated Press (jdk41051wcc



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1969



PRIZE-WINNING PHOTOGRAPHY
ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA: APRIL 20, 1969

St. Petersburg Times photographer Ricardo Ferro won a first-prize award in
statewide new photography competition among associated member newspapers.
The picture was taken in 1968 during racial disturbances in St. Petersburg.

St. Petersburg Times (Photographer: Ricardo Ferro)



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1970



THE CHICAGO SEVEN



PROTEST OF THE TRIAL OF THE CHICAGO SEVEN
NEW YORK, NEW YORK: FEBRUARY 16, 1970

Police carry screaming demonstrator away bodily as they break up protest by
supporters of the Chicago Seven outside Criminal Courts Building. A rock and
bottle-throwing melee pitted helmeted police against some 3000 backers of the
Chicago group, whose fate is in the hands of a jury following their trial for conspiracy.

United Press International (DUP-062302)



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MORATORIUM DAY RALLY AT CIVIC CENTER
CHICAGO: APRIL 15, 1970

A Passive Protester

In April 1970 on tax day (April 15), about 100 gays and lesbians marched with other non-Moratorium Week activists down State Street to
the Federal Building to protest the use of tax dollars in Vietnam, which
ended with a march to the Civic Center Plaza (now the Daley Center Plaza).

The Chicago Tribune (Photo by Budrys – PB-671-CT)



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PROTEST MARCHERS
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: MAY 23, 1970

Thousands of protestors joined hands to march through today Atlanta
in a display of unity. Fellow demonstrators carry a coffin to symbolize
the recent killings of eight blacks during racial unrest.

United Press International (AJPO52303)



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ON THE MARCH
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: May 23, 1970

A band of white and Negro marchers who walked and rode 120 miles
from Perry, Georgia, arrive in Atlanta to join several thousand others
in a mass protest against war, violence and racial repression with a march
through downtown Atlanta today.

They carry a sign that reads “It’s still not too late Dick.” Helen Gahagan Douglas
gave President Richard Nixon the nick name “Tricky Dick” during the 1950 U.S.
Senate race in California, in reference to Nixon's alleged use of dirty tricks
during the campaign, mixed with a common nickname for Richard; Dick,
hence "Tricky Dick".

Associated Press Wirephoto (HC71245stf/cek)



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DADE COUNTY RIOT SQUADS
MIAMI, FLORIDA: JUNE 16, 1970

Dade County riot squads and sniper teams, looking for snipers during
disturbances here early June 16th.

About 300 Negroes smashed store windows, threw rocks, and fired upon
law enforcement officers during the melee. The trouble apparently
stemmed from a controversy at a white-owned grocery. Blacks claimed
the grocer refused to cash a welfare check.

United Press International Telephoto (MHP061601)



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SEARCHED IN RAID
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: SEPTEMBER 1, 1970

Police line-up suspects against a wall, including a woman at right,
after they raided houses alleged to be headquarters of black militants
and another police officer was shot in the gunfire.

The policeman was shot, fifth in 36 hours, when police crashed through
the door of a Black Panther Community Information Center in the heart
of Northwest Philadelphia, near scene of the 1964 street riots. One officer
was dead and the others wounded, some seriously in the week-end shootings.

Associated Press Wire Photo (wfa20815)



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'LIBERATION' FLAG HAULED UP
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA: SEPTEMBER 5, 1970

A Limp liberation flag is raised on a flag pole at Philadelphia’s Temple
University Saturday before a convention sponsored by the Black Panthers was
scheduled to get under way. The convention, listed for three days, will be
marked by a speech by Huey Newton, the Black Panther minister of defense.

Associated Press Wirephoto (wfa71125stf wgi)



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1971



YOUTH CARRIED FROM ATLANTA DISTURBANCE
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: FEBRUARY 15, 1971

Police haul away a black youth during a melee in downtown Atlanta that
started when a black panther and a Black Muslim came to blows over
who would sell which organization’s newspaper.

A black policeman who tried to break up the fight was booed by a crowd
of nearby blacks. The ensuing violence required 100 riot police to quell.
At least 21 blacks were arrested and one policeman suffered a cut jaw from
a hurled soft-drink bottle. Property damage was limited to broken windows.

Associated Press Wirephoto (HC21653stf/cek)



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WELFARE GENERAL
WASHINGTON, D. C.: APRIL 2, 1971

An elderly woman wiped her eyes as she told welfare workers her
supplemental grant had been cut from $40 last month to zero
this month. She held an $11.52 gas bill which she said she could
not pay. She was one of thousands throughout the state who
suffered hardship when their welfare grants were cut this month.



Washington Press - Staff Photo by Richard S. Heyza (–Details, E 2.)



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THE ATTICA PRISON RIOT



INMATE HOSPITAL
ATTICA, NEW YORK: SEPTEMBER 11, 1971



Two inmates at the Attica State Prison in Attica, N.Y. visit with
another inmate inside a makeshift hospital set up by the inmates
inside Cellblock D area. The Prisoner rebellion at the maximum
security prison heads into the third day of rebellion on Saturday.

Negotiations broke down and Oswald told the inmates that he was
unable to negotiate with them anymore and ordered that they must
give themselves up. Oswald stated that he would order the State
Police to retake the facility by force. Rockefeller agreed with Oswald’s
decision. This agreement would be later criticized by a commission
created by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.

BF3 ASSOCIATED PRESS STORY (rhs70616pl)



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SPECIAL TO THE DETROIT NEWS
ATTICA, NEW YORK: SEPTEMBER 11, 1971

This photo of unidentified man, who said he was a black leader
trying to aid Attica prisoner, with state troopers in front of
Attica prison, is a special transmission to the Detroit News.

By the time the facility was retaken, at least 39 people were dead,
including ten correctional officers and civilian employees. The New York
State Special Commission on Attica wrote, “With the exception of Indian
massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended
the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter
between Americans since the Civil War.”

New York Times Attn: Bill Lutz (hmb41747nyt)



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1973



10,000
WASHINGTON, DC: FEBRUARY 21, 1973

A demonstrator, who apparently fainted during protest activities
Tuesday on Capitol Hill, is carried off. An estimated 10,000 persons
gathered in Washington to attack cuts in social programs ordered
by the Nixon administration.

WASHINGTON – Mayors, poverty workers and thousands of poor folk
launched a counter-attack on Capitol Hill Tuesday. The angry lobbying
and the surprisingly large mass rally had all the earmarks of a new protest
movement following in the path of the civil rights and anti-war campaigns.

On one level, a delegation of worried mayors met behind closed doors
with Democratic congressional leaders to ask for action to restore
slashed and deleted programs.

And Detroit’s Mayor, Roman Gribbs, touched a sensitive administration
nerve when he declared: “I can’t see how we can spend billions to aid
North Vietnam and cut deeply into programs needed by our own people.”
On Another level, poverty workers and their constituents, bused and
flown in from all parts of the country, crowded into congressional
offices to voice their anger.

Washington Free Press Staff Story by Saul Friedman (dfpx16471)



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DAY CARE CRISIS RALLY
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: MARCH 13, 1973

500 protest cut in day-care funding. Even the kids made their feelings
known by the signs they carried during the day care crisis rally.

Wearing a placard, a child at the “Day Care Crisis Day” rally Wednesday
at the Civic Center plaza stares up at the speaker’s rostrum during the
program. Some 500 persons attended the rally.

Chicago Sun-Times (Photo by Bob Black)



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HOUSING
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: APRIL 4, 1973

Mr. & Mrs. James Nicolson were one of the first black families to move
into this predominantly white neighborhood in 1962. Since then, the whites
have moved out, leaving empty houses to vandalism. The Nicolsons feel
trapped; they can’t sell because the urban renewal program was held up,
so they must live in a run-down area.

James Nicolson and his wife Katie stood on the porch of their two-story
frame house surrounded by a neat lawn and cyclone fence and looked
across the street at a row of houses wrecked by vandals and fires.

“Just two, three years ago,” he said, “this was a beautiful, beautiful
neighborhood. But they’ve torn the place up. We’d like to sell our
house and move out of Detroit.”

But his last hope to sell his house to the city, which had planned to clear
the site for urban renewal has been held up by new guidelines issued by
the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. His case demonstrates
just one way that the Nixon Administration’s decision to suspend and to
issue strict new guidelines on urban renewal is beginning to affect
residents in many cities throughout the nation.

Local officials in eight major cities said in interviews that the new polices
put into effect in the last three months would mean longer wait, mainly
for young poor families and the elderly, for housing. In some cities
projects already completed may have to be rented to higher income
people because of the suspension of subsidies.

New York Times Services Story by Agis Salpukas New York Times photo by Gary Settle (for use 6/6)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1974



PICKETING THE CHA
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: MAY 7, 1974

Blacks picket a Chicago Housing Authority construction at corner of
LaSalle & Division, protesting the construction company with not
hiring workers from the local community.

Chicago Sun-Times (Photo by Walter Kale AHX-324-CT)



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MARCHERS SUBDUED IN ATLANTA MELEE
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: JUNE 27, 1974

Atlanta policemen subdue one of 11 marchers who were arrested
after fighting broke out between blacks and police during a mock
funeral procession for a slain black youth Wednesday.

The march was in protest of the shooting death of 17-year-old
Brandon Gibson Saturday in a scuffle with police. The police said
Gibson had wrestled a gun from a detective and was threating
to shoot when he was killed.

Six persons, including three police officers, were injured in the
club-swinging melee Wednesday. Police said about 75 officers
and 300 marchers were involved. Organizers of the procession
said they would march again Thursday afternoon.

United Press International (ybn991)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1975



JOAN LITTLE





JUDGE REFUSES TO DISMISS CASE IN N.C. MURDER TRIAL
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA: JULY 15, 1975

Joan Little, left, arrives at court with attorney Kern Galloway.

The trial of Joan Little, 21-year-old black woman, began Monday
with the judge refusing to dismiss the charge that she murdered
a white jailer who she claims tried to rape her in a jail cell.

She sat quietly in the courtroom in a pink and blue dress while defense
and prosecution attorney deluged Superior Court Judge Hamilton Hobgood
with preliminary motions. Outside the courthouse a crown of about 300
persons, mostly blacks, stood in a driving rain chanting, “Free Joan.”

HOBGOOD, a veteran of 20 years on the North Carolina bench, rejected
the dismissal motion which was based on the contention that the death
penalty is unconstitutional. First-degree murder carries an automatic
death sentence in North Carolina. “The defendant is entitled to a fair trial
in an orderly courtroom and not a spectacle in an arena,” Hobgood said.

Story United Press International – Photo Associated Press Wirephoto



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1976



ATTACK BYSTANDER
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS: APRIL 5, 1976

Young white antibusing demonstrators kick a black bystander, Theodoire Landsmark,
29, executive director of the Boston Contractors Association, near Boston’s
City Hall Monday. Landsmark was heading for a meeting.



Boston Herald American Associated Press Wirephoto (Photo by Stanley J. Forman jdk21726h-a)



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1977



VICTIM CLAIMED ONE OF THE DEAD, HUMBOLDT PARK
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: JUNE 5, 1977

Bereft by a Wayward bullet, the mother of Raphael Cruz seeks
consolation in the arms of neighbors at the start of Saturday's riot.

The Chicago Sun (Photo by Duane R. Hall)



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1980



THE OVERTOWN RACE RIOT



"My child is dead, they beat him to death like a dog."

—Eula McDuffie, murder victim's mother

UNDER FOOT, UNDER ARREST
MIAMI, FLORIDA: MAY 18, 1980

Miami police officers hold down a black man after they arrested
him during rioting that broke out in the city following an acquittal
earlier in the day Saturday of the four white police officers in the
beating death of black insurance salesman Arthur McDuffie.

Associated Press Laserphoto (kaw10200mbr/Hld)



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TAKING DEADLY AIM
MIAMI, FLORIDA: MAY 19, 1980

A Miami policeman takes aim on looters as his trained companion
stands guard over a fallen looter during riots in Miami Sunday.

A curfew was in effect Sunday in parts of Miami as a result of the riots
which saw 19 persons dead and over 120 injured, following an acquittal
earlier in the day Saturday of the four white police officers in the
beating death of black insurance salesman Arthur McDuffie.

Associated Press Laserphoto (ps020315mbr)



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AT BAY
MIAMI, FLORIDA: MAY 20, 1980

A Florida National Guardsman hold four young people at bay Monday
as trouble continued in Miami for the 3rd day of violence.

Miami had a quiet night Monday but police still continue to keep close
watch on those areas, following an acquittal earlier in the day Saturday
of the four white police officers in the beating death of black insurance
salesman Arthur McDuffie.

Associated Press Laserphoto (ps031017mbr)



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1981



WILMA MAYS WITH BULL HORN
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: SEPTEMBER 1, 1981

Residents of CHA housing 630 W. Evergreen Building protest the
removal of residents for what they claim are insufficient reasons.

Chicago Tribune (Photo by Ovie Carter)



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PROTEST OVER BEN FRAZIER
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: NOVEMEBER 12, 1981

Detroit residents protest the letting go of Channel 4 TV station news
anchor Ben Frazier over contract dispute. Frazier and his voice to went
from black radio to a place on Channel 4's noon anchor desk. He was a
co-anchor for the 11 p.m. news.

One of the first black anchors in prime time television, Frazier thought
he should have been paid the say as is white peers but the station saw
otherwise. From Detroit, Frazier ended up back in Jacksonville where he
had started in radio with Channel 12.

Detroit News (Photographer: Thorpe)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1982



LARRY WENTERS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: July 17, 1982

Larry Wenters who was involved in an incident at 35th and Halsted
between blacks and whites.

A South Side man was seriously injured Saturday in Bridgeport when
two men ran over him in a car in what police saw was a “racial incident.”

As 24-year-old Thomas W. Young, who is black lay bleeding in the street,
a white man emerged from the car and beat him with a baseball bat,
according to Area 3 Violent Crimes Lt. Joseph Curtin. “When The car
drove off, three or four other white men wielding baseball bats came off
the street and chased Young’s three black friends, one being Larry Wenters,
but didn’t catch them” Curtin said. Police have no suspects, he added.

He said that the blacks apparently did nothing to provoke the mid-day attack
just down the street from a sidewalk sale. “As far as I know there was no
action on their part to provoke this. It was a senseless act.”

Chicago Sun-Times (Photo by Barry Jarvinen)



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1987



COUNTER-DEMONSTRATION
CUMMING, GEORGIA: JANUARY 1, 1987

Civil rights marchers, who had just arrived after a 40-mile trip from
Atlanta, are greeted by counter-demonstrators and sympathizers of
the KKK as they begin to assemble for the south’s biggest civil rights
march since the 1960’s

United Press International Laserphoto(Photo by David Tulis)



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WINDOW LEDGE CITY HALL
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: DECEMBER 1, 1987

Supporters of Alderman Timothy C. Evens for mayor shout slogans
and display signs from a window ledge in City Hall in effort to
influence the Council vote.

Timothy C. Evans is the Chief Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court.
He is the first black Chief Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court and
a graduate of the John Marshall Law School in Chicago.

First elected to the bench in 1992, Evans was elected alderman of
Chicago's South Side 4th Ward (by a vote of 6,784 to 3,136 over Hattie B.
Kay Williams, a 50-year-old Girl Scouts executive) on November 27, 1973.
An ally of Mayors Daley, Bilandic, Byrne and Washington, he served as
floor leader and Chicago City Council Finance Chair during
Harold Washington's mayoral administration.

Following Washington's death Evans sought to fill Washington's unexpired
term but was pushed out by Eugene Sawyer a white businessman and
politician elected mayor by the other members of the city council in a
tumultuous and bitter meeting protested by thousands of angry minority
and progressive citizens. Sawyer's inauguration for mayor occurred in the
parking lot of a closed restaurant at North and Bosworth Avenues at 4:01 am
on December 2, 1987. The reason for this was to avoid the type of angry
demonstration that accompanied his election.

Chicago Sun-Times (Photo by Phil Velasquez)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1989



FUNERAL GRIEF
OPA LOCKA, FLORIDA: JANUARY 23, 1989

Mourners at the funeral of Clement Anthony Lloyd are overcome
with grief Monday afternoon in Opa Locka, Florida.

Lloyd was shot by Miami Police as he and another man were riding on
a motercyle in the Overtown section of Miami last week. Their deaths
sparked three days of violence in Miami.

The violence, triggered by Lloyd's death, got intensive publicity because
hundreds of members of the media were in town for Super Bowl Week.
The police officer said he was acting in self-defense. He was acquitted of
manslaughter in 1993 in Orlando.

Associated Press Laserphoto(ps021715stf/Kathy Williams)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1991



MARTENS RECREATION CENTER RALLY
DETROIT, MICHIGAN: MAY 17, 1991

Vickie Banks, 10, helps Russell Hogan put up a sign on Friday for a
rally to save Martens Recreation Center. The Detroit center has been
marked to close under a proposed city budget.

Detroit Free Press (Photo by Archer)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1992



RODNEY GLEN KING



PROTESTING VERDICT
WASHINGTON, DC: MAY 4, 1992

With the Capitol in the background, demonstrators march down
Pennsylvania Avenue Monday to protest the verdict in the
Rodney King taped beating case. The refrain “no justice, no peace’
resounded around Washington Monday in the beating of motorist
Rodney King.

Associated Press Laserphoto (rcl21440stf/Barry Thomma)



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DEMONSTRATIONS FOR JOBS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: AUGUST 18, 1992

Keith Brown, 22, carries a sign Monday outside Provident Hospital,
500 E. 51st,to protest an alleged lack of black workers involved in
the hospital’s renovation. After several hours of demonstrating by
the Inner City Youth Foundation, an agreement was reached with
one of the contractors to provide jobs on the project to 10 blacks.
Foundation officials are hopeful that an additional 90 jobs will be
provided throughout the county.

Chicago Sun-Times (Photo by Rich Hein)



***************************************************************************************************************************

1996



BRUTALITY PROTEST
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: OCTOBER 23, 1996

"It's just a crime to be a Black man now." - Wanda Hogue, mother of Eric Smith.

On Tuesday, Wanda Hogue held up a poster bearing the picture of
Eric Smith outside police headquarters at 11th and State Streets
during National Day of Protest.

It was hard to miss Wanda Hogue in the crowd of people in Chicago's
Daley plaza on October 22nd. She had come with her two daughters
to participate in the National Day of Protest against Police Brutality,
Repression and the Criminalization of a Generation.

Above her she held a poster with the bruised and battered face of a
young black man. Underneath were the words, "Remember Eric Smith.
Stop Police Brutality." This was her son.

Chicago Tribune (Photo by Jose M. Osorio)



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